Wherever I am, the world comes after me.
It offers me its busyness. It does not believe that I do not want it.
Now I understand why the old poets of China went so far
and high into the mountains, then crept into the pale mist.
"The Old Poets of China" by Mary Oliver

▼ JOURNAL ARTICLES

Journal Articles

[Forthcoming]. 2025. “Geoeconomics in Philippine Security Perspectives.” Eurasia Era.

[Forthcoming]. 2025. “Imagining Protohistoric Philippines from Polity Types and Commercial Exchange.” Southeast Asian Review.

2023. "Engendering Agency, Mindfulness, and Critical Thinking in Online Education." International Journal on Open and Distance E-Learning, 9 (2): 45 - 53.

2022. How the Chinese in the Spanish Philippines Negotiated Commercial Boundaries in the Colonial Economy.  China and Asia: A Journal in Historical Studies 4 (2): 187–219.

2021. Liminality in the China-Watching of Aileen San Pablo-Baviera. Chinese Studies Journal 15: 149-76.

2020. "A Look at Korean Historical Drama: Cultural Negotiation of Cold War Influence on Notions of Development in the Philippines." Asian Perspective 44 (2): 303–26.

2017. "The Economic Dimension in China's Foreign Relations: Reflections for China Studies in the Philippines." Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations: An International Journal 3 (3): 1173–196, December.

2016. "Understanding Economic Diplomacy between the Philippines and China." International Journal of China Studies 7 (2): 215–33, August. 

2015. "Connections, Contracts, and Sanctions: Informal Contracting in Commerce Among Chinese in Metro Manila." Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia 51 (1): 39–74 (Co-author: Marco B. Lagman). 

2013. “Guanxi in Chinese Commerce: Informal Enforcement in Spanish Philippines.” Seoul Journal of Economics 26 (2): 203–37.

2012. “Chinese Trade in Pre-Spanish Philippines: Credit, Hostage and Raid Regimes.”  Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (JATI) 17 (1):191–206.

2011. “Rizal’s Morga and insights into pre-Hispanic institutions and trade.” Philippine Review of Economics 48 (2): 117–50.

2003. “Does Violent Conflict Make Chronic Poverty More Likely? The Mindanao Experience.” Philippine Review of Economics 40 (2):31–58. Co-authors: H. Malapit and C. Yunza.